Ephesians 4:1 signals the beginning of the parenetic section of the letter with an appropriate I, therefore, … exhort you (cf. Rom 12:1). The term translated “exhort” (parakalō) was used in antiquity, in the context of the benefactor-benefaction system, to summon, exhort, and encourage those who had received a benefaction (charis) to respond appropriately to the giver of the gift. For example, in a letter of Ptolemy II to Miletus (c. 262/261 BC) the king describes kindnesses
Page 108